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The scientific consensus now rejects Descartes’ view of animals as automata. Most vertebrates (and some invertebrates) are sentient, which lends support to both welfare (reduce suffering) and rights (do not use) positions, depending on one’s threshold.

When filing a report, try to include as much detail as possible to assist investigators: File an Animal Welfare Complaint - USDA-Aphis The scientific consensus now rejects Descartes’ view of

In his seminal book Animal Liberation , Singer applied the principle of utilitarianism to animals. He coined the term speciesism —discrimination against individuals purely based on their species. Singer argued that equal consideration should be given to the interests of all sentient beings capable of experiencing pleasure and pain. They want better cages, not necessarily empty cages

A welfare advocate might oppose gestation crates for pigs (which prevent movement) but support free-range farming. They want better cages, not necessarily empty cages. They want better cages

Ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. Animal Rights

In research, the framework is used to minimize animal use: